- CMYK
- short for cyan, magenta, yellow and key (black)
- printing inks
- not opaque, they mix on the paper
- different percentages will produce most colours needed when printing
- subtractive colours, results in absence (almost black)
- this is why the 'key' colour is needed, to provide the 100% black
- inks used in the commercial print process
- standard model used in offset printing for full colour documents
- RBG
- short for red, green blue
- on screen colour mode
- additive colours, the overlapping of all three creates white
- Hexachrome
- six colour printing process
- developed by Pantone
- orange and green inks were added to increase the colour gamut
- discontinued in 2008
- allowed to more accurately reproduce a wide range of vibrant and subtle colours that can be displayed on computer monitors that before couldn't be duplicated in print
- Spot colour
- an ink colour that is ready mixed to produce a particular colour
- the standard reference for spot colour in the UK is Pantone
- these colours can be chosen from colour swatches
- the more spot colours used the more plates are needed, therefore increasing the cost
- to reduce costs 'tints' of a spot colour can be used
- Pantone Matching System
- a standardised colour reproduction system
- allows you to use colours that cannot be mixed in CMYK
- Pantone offers books so you can see what the colour would look like on coated, uncoated and matte stocks
- the colours are distinguished by a number and a suffix, the number is the colour and the suffix the stock
- there are also guides for tints, metallics and pastel colours
Stock
- Weight
- effectively the thickness of paper
- there are two conventions currently used for paper weights: gsm (grams per square meter) and basis weight, usually specified by pounds
- gsm is used in europe and places that use ISO paper sizes
- basis weight is used in America and Canada, where they use American paper sizes
- determination of grammage: This standard defines grammage as grammes per square meter (g/m2) thus the weight of a single sheet of A0 paper defines the grammage of that paper type as the A0 size is defined by ISO 216 as having an area of 1 square meter. An A0 sheet of 80gsm paper will weigh 80 grams, an A0 sheet of 100gsm paper will weigh 100 grams and so on.
- paper that is used in offices is usually between 70-80gsm
- some people use paper ranging from 90-120gsm for more formal correspondence
- above 120gsm is varying thickness of card
- newspaper commonly sits between 45-50gsm
- guide to paper weights:
- light weight: up to 169 gsm
- can be folded without scoring
- are easy to roll or manipulate
- run through most home printers
- text weight papers
- translucent and decorative sheets
- medium weight: 170 - 216 gsm
- card stocks
- should be scored before folding to avoid cracking
- will run through home printers
- standard greeting card stock
- heavy weight: 217 - 284 gsm
- considerable thicker than medium weight category
- do not compare to an every day item, heavier than a greeting card but less so than a cereal box
- must be scored before folding
- not suitable for home printers
- extra heavy weight: 285+ gsm
- comparable to a cereal box
Document Setup
Formats
http://www.papersizes.org/
- Printers Marks
- Registration - In colour printing registration is the method of correlating overlapping colours on one single image. There are many different styles and types of registration, many of which employ the alignment of specific marks. When printing an image that has more than one colour, depending on the method of printing, it is necessary to print the image one separate time for each separate colour. Each one is called a 'colour run', and they can be pulled from the same surface, inked differently, or from a completely different surface. So that the final image is consistent, and so each of the colours line up correctly, a system of registration is necessary
- Crop marks - adds fine horizontal and vertical rules that define where the page should be trimmed. Crop marks also help register (align) one colour separation to another. By using together with bleed marks, you can select overlapped marks
- Bleed marks - adds fine rules that define the amount of extra area to image outside the defined page size
- Colour bars - adds small squares of colour representing the CMYK inks and tints of grey (in 10% increments). Your service provider uses these marks to adjust the ink density on the printing press
- Slug area - the non printable area of the document, outside of the page. Where you can put additional notes for the printer
- Mock ups
- a full sized, scale print
- used for demonstration, study or testing
- Proofs
- contract proof
- a colour proof that is looked on as a contract between the printer and client as the final proof before going to press
- Signing off
- an agreement with the designer and client that you are happy with the final proof and any mistakes found or alterations needed is not the liability of the designer
- the client is agreeing that:
- they are accepting the liability for any mistakes noticed after the date of signing off
- they will be charged for all changes made after signing off the proof
- Unless pointed out, the colours will be representative of the proof but many not entirely accurate
- The images on the proof are unless pointed out, going to look the way they look on the proof
Formats
- ISO paper sizes
- The dimensions of the A series paper sizes, as defined by ISO 216, are given in the table below in both millimetres and inches (cm measurements can be obtained by dividing mm value by 10). The A Series paper size chart to the right gives a visual explanation of how the sizes relate to each other - for example A5 is half of A4 size paper and A2 is half of A1 size paper
- To obtain paper sizes in centimetres, convert mm values to cm by dividing by 10 and in feet by dividing inch values by 12
- The paper sizes bigger than A0, 4A0 & 2A0, aren't formerly defined by ISO 216 but are commonly used for oversized paper. The origin of these formats is in the German DIN 476 standard, that was the original base document from which ISO 216 was derived
- The A series paper sizes are now in common use throughout the world apart from in the US, Canada and parts of Mexico. The A4 size has become the standard business letter size in English speaking countries such as Australia, New Zealand and the UK, that used to use British Imperial sizes. In Europe the A paper sizes were adopted as the formal standard in the mid 20th century and from there they spread across the globe.
- The A series paper sizes are defined in ISO 216 by the following requirements:
- The length divided by the width is 1.4142
- The A0 size has an area of 1 square metre.
- Each subsequent size A(n) is defined as A(n-1) cut in half parallel to its shorter sides.
- The standard length and width of each size is rounded to the nearest millimetre.
- B paper sizes
- The B series paper sizes were created in order to provide paper sizes that weren't covered by the A series, but also use an aspect ratio of 1:root2. B sizes are defined as size B(n) being the geometric mean of size A(n) and size A(n-1). The Geometric Means of 2 numbers being the square root of the product of the two numbers.
- C envelope sizes
- C envelopes sizes are defined as the geometric mean of the A and B sizes with the same number i.e. C4 dimensions are the geometric mean of A4 and B4. This produces a size between the two that makes an envelope that will neatly hold the A series paper of the same size, thus a C4 envelope is perfect for an A4 sheet of paper unfolded.
- It should be noted that C format envelopes also have an aspect ratio of 1:root2 and because of this an A4 sheet folded parallel to its shortest sides will fit in a C5 envelope and folded twice will fit a C6 envelope.
- The following diagrams show C4, C5 and C6 envelopes compared to A4 paper size (the envelope being shown in brown with the paper shown as grey) as can be seen in the first diagram the C4 envelope can contain an A4 sheet, the C5 envelope can contain an A4 sheet folded in half (an A5 sheet) and the C6 envelope can contain an A4 sheet folded in half twice (an A6 sheet). This is the reason that you will sometimes see these envelope sizes being referred to as A4 envelope size, A5 envelope size and A6 envelope size.
- One of the most widely used business envelopes, the DL format does not fall under the C series sizes as it has a different aspect ratio. This envelope originated in Germany in the 1920's and was known as DIN Lang, but DL is now more commonly expanded to 'Dimension Lengthwise'. This size is defined in the ISO standards for envelope sizes, as the standard would have been remiss in omitting the most commonly used business envelope size.
- The dimensions of DL are 110 x 220 mm (4⅓" x 8⅔") and as such the DL envelope will hold an A4 sheet of paper folded into 3 equal sections parallel to its shortest sides.
http://www.papersizes.org/
- RA and RSA paper sizes
- The RA and SRA paper formats are defined by ISO 217 "Paper - Untrimmed Sizes" and cover untrimmed raw paper for commercial printing. The RA and SRA sizes are slightly larger than the corresponding A series sizes to allow for bleed on printed material that will be later trimmed to size, often for bound publication.
- RA stands for "raw format A" and is conceptually defined as being 105% of the A series size, thus as A0 has an area of 1 square metre RA0 has an area of 1.05 square metres. SRA stands for "supplementary raw format A" and is conceptually defined as being 115% of the A series size, so a sheet of SRA0 paper has an area of 1.15 square metres. In reality the sizes for RA0, RA1, RA2, SRA0, SRA1 and SRA2 are rounded to the nearest centimetre and sizes for RA3, RA4, SRA3 and SRA4 are rounded to the nearest half centimetre.
- Newspaper sizes
- Tabloid
- Dimensions: 430 x 280 mm (16.9" x 11.0")
- The tabloid size is often referred to as being 'half the size of a broadsheet' however this is not strictly true as broadsheet is 750 x 600 mm (29.5" x 23.5")Tabloid size is actually not very different from A3 and thus a transition to printing tabloids on an A2 sheet (remember that newspaper sizes are the size of the folded pages) would be sensible in the longer term.
- The word tabloid when referring to newspaper sizes comes from the style of journalism known as 'tabloid journalism' that compacted stories into short, easy to read and often exaggerated forms. Tabloid journalism itself got its name from the 'tabloid pills' marketed in the 1880's, that were the first highly compacted and easy to swallow pills commonly available.
- The tabloid size is widely used across the globe these days, with titles in the US, Russia, China, the UK, Canada, Australia, Brazil and many other countries using this format. Recently many established papers have changed from broadsheet size to tabloid size as it has proved more popular with readers.
- Compact
- This size is the same as tabloid. The term being coined when the 'quality' or 'high brow' press titles moved from the traditional broadsheet size to the smaller tabloid size, as they didn't want to be associated with the sensationalism of tabloid journalism.
- Broadsheet
- Dimensions: 750 x 600 mm (29.5" x 23.5")
- The term broadsheet derives from single sheets of political satire and ballads sold on the streets, which became popular after the British placed a tax on newspapers by the number of pages in 1712.
- The broadsheet size for newspapers is becoming less popular and many titles are switching from broadsheet to tabloid.
- Berliner
- Dimensions: 470 mm × 315 mm (18.5" × 12.4")
- The Berliner format (also known as Midi) is commonly used by newspapers across Europe. Confusingly the title 'Berliner Zeitung', often referred to as just 'Berliner' is not printed in berliner size.
Finishing
- Binding
- Case binding - Also called edition binding, this method results in what is commonly called a hardcover book. It is the most expensive option yet also the most durable. Stacked signatures are gathered and sewn together for strength. This book block is trimmed on three sides and then glued into a spine, front cover, and back cover (a single unit) made of binders board covered with paper or cloth. The first and last sheets (end-sheets) are then pasted to the board. To reduce the cost of thisbinding method, you can set perfect-bound book blocks into cases rather than first sewing the signatures together and then gluing them into the covers.
- Perfect binding - Like case-bound books, perfect-bound books are also made up of stacked signatures. These are gathered into a book and the edges of the spine are ground off (or notched). When this book block is glued into a paper cover, the glue that attaches the signatures to the spine can flow into the notches or ground-off areas. The increased surface area for the glue allows for more permanent adhesion. The covers and book blocks are then trimmed flush. Unlike case binding, perfect binding involves only gluing the spine to the cover. Without reinforced endsheets or a binders board cover material, perfect-bound books are less durable than case bound books but are significantly cheaper. Sewing the signatures and/or notching the spine rather than grinding it improves durability.
- Lay flat binding - Perfect-bound books do not lie flat when opened because the spines are fully glued to the cover. By using a flexible glue on only the edges of the spine, perfect-bound technical manuals or cookbooks, and the like, can be made to lie flat on a table. This method is more expensive than perfect binding and requires more time for the glue to cure.
- Saddle stitching - Signatures are nested (set one into the other rather than stacked as in the previous methods) and then stitched through the fold with staples made of thin wire. These books can lie flat. However, saddle-stitching only works for shorter books of up to 80 pages or so. These books also have no spine on which to print a title.
- Side stitching - Side stitched books are essentially loose sheets of paper stapled together. A paper cover can be wrapped around the entire stack and glued to form a printable spine. However, side-stitched books (National Geographic Magazine is an example) do not lie flat.
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